The bioink chamber and nozzle design also allow efficient material replacement and multi-material printing. The utilization of bioink droplets results in minimal material waste and low cost, with a high cell viability (except in thermal inkjet bioprinting). In general, inkjet-based 3D bioprinting has the benefit of precise material deposition with a reasonable printing speed.

The electro-hydrodynamic jet bioprinter generates droplets by pulling the bio-ink through the nozzle instead of a pushing method with droplet-on-demand bioprinters (Derakhshanfar et al. The droplet-on-demand bioprinter improves droplet control by creating individual droplets at required times by pressurizing the bioink storage chamber, using thermal, piezoelectric, or electrostatic-based actuators. The continuous-inkjet method extrudes streams of bioink droplets, which lack precise droplet control. There are three main categories of inkjet bioprinting methods: continuous-inkjet, droplet-on-demand, and electro-hydrodynamic jet bioprinting, all of which differ in their method of bioink droplet deployment control. Typical inkjet printer designs include: a bioink storage chamber(s), actuators to both guide bioink(s) to the nozzle and form the droplets, and stage/control systems for three-axial movement. It dispenses droplets of low-viscosity bio-ink from a ‘printhead’ containing arrays of small nozzle apertures to form patterns and then stabilizes the structure by photo-crosslinking or thermal gelation (Yu et al. Inkjet-basedĪ typical inkjet-based bio-printer is shown in Fig. As 3D bioprinting becomes more ubiquitous, more research into bioprinting techniques has emerged, allowing for the fabrication of a wide range of biocompatible constructs, and cell-encapsulated tissues, and organ models. 3D bioprinting technology allows for flexibility in both material choice and design paradigm-in the context of tissue engineering, the ability to incorporate biomaterials and cells inherently allows for 3D bioprinting. In the concluding section, we also explore the applications, challenges, and future perspectives of 3D bioprinting technologies and tissue modeling.ģD bioprinting refers to a type of additive manufacturing, specifically a layer-by-layer fabrication technique that was originally born out of a need for rapid prototyping and has since enjoyed advancement into a fast, customizable fabrication method across many fields. We begin with an overview of 3D printing techniques, biomaterials and their use in in vitro tissue construction, and then move on to discussing pioneering work in cancer, heart, liver, and muscle in vitro models for biological studies, drug screening, and toxicity investigations. Here, we present a state-of-the-art review on the in vitro complex tissue model constructions based on 3D bioprinting. 2018a, b), and has resulted in significant accomplishments in moving the field forward in recent years. 2019), 3D bioprinting has aided in the tailored control over microarchitecture, extracellular matrix (ECM) construction, and cell deposition for the establishment of in vitro models, particularly the recapitulation of complex tissues (Ma et al. 2020a, b) and biocompatible processes (Ashammakhi et al.

With an ever-expanding range of available biomaterials (Yu et al. 2017).ģD bioprinting has emerged as an intriguing approach for the production of complex in vitro models, by which means cells and/or their supporting scaffold are precisely deposited, localized, or joined in user-defined geometries and dimensions. Accurate recapitulation of native physiology, such as cell composition, biophysical and biochemical signaling, as well as microarchitecture, could result in greater substantive response when drawing correlations between in vitro and in vivo conditions (Lelièvre et al. In vitro tissue models have evolved from simple two-dimensional (2D) monocultures into more advanced three-dimensional (3D) structures, such as organoids, dynamic culture systems, micro-tissues, organ-on-chip devices, and other combinations (Braun et al. 2020), as well as the development of environmental pollution prevention and labor protection approaches. Such models are efficient, low-cost, and non-cruel recapitulations of native tissues, and their development has sped the discovery of various medications (Madorran et al.

In vitro tissue models have greatly advanced our understanding of the pharmacological and toxicological processes of a wide range of treatments and chemicals (Davila et al.

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